1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
SINGULAIR® Paediatric 5 mg Chewable Tablets
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
One chewable tablet contains montelukast sodium, which is equivalent to 5 mg montelukast.
Excipient: Aspartame (E 951) 1.5 mg per tablet.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Chewable tablet.
Pink, round, biconvex, diameter 9.5 mm, with 'SINGULAIR' engraved on one side and 'MSD 275' on the other.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
SINGULAIR is indicated in the treatment of asthma as add-on therapy in those patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled on inhaled corticosteroids and in whom “as-needed” short-acting β-agonists provide inadequate clinical control of asthma.
SINGULAIR may also be an alternative treatment option to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids for patients with mild persistent asthma who do not have a recent history of serious asthma attacks that required oral corticosteroid use, and who have demonstrated that they are not capable of using inhaled corticosteroids (see section 4.2).
SINGULAIR is also indicated in the prophylaxis of asthma in which the predominant component is exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
The dosage for paediatric patients 6-14 years of age is one 5 mg chewable tablet daily to be taken in the evening. If taken in connection with food, SINGULAIR should be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after food. No dosage adjustment within this age group is necessary.
General recommendations:
The therapeutic effect of SINGULAIR on parameters of asthma control occurs within one day. Patients should be advised to continue taking SINGULAIR even if their asthma is under control, as well as during periods of worsening asthma.
No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with renal insufficiency, or mild to moderate hepatic impairment. There are no data on patients with severe hepatic impairment. The dosage is the same for both male and female patients.
SINGULAIR as an alternative treatment option to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids for mild persistent asthma:
Montelukast is not recommended as monotherapy in patients with moderate persistent asthma. The use of montelukast as an alternative treatment option to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids for children with mild persistent asthma should only be considered for patients who do not have a recent history of serious asthma attacks that required oral corticosteroid use and who have demonstrated that they are not capable of using inhaled corticosteroids (see section 4.1). Mild persistent asthma is defined as asthma symptoms more than once a week but less than once a day, nocturnal symptoms more than twice a month but less than once a week, normal lung function between episodes. If satisfactory control of asthma is not achieved at follow-up (usually within one month), the need for an additional or different anti-inflammatory therapy based on the step system for asthma therapy should be evaluated. Patients should be periodically evaluated for their asthma control.
Therapy with SINGULAIR in relation to other treatments for asthma.
When treatment with SINGULAIR is used as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids, SINGULAIR should not be abruptly substituted for inhaled corticosteroids (see section 4.4).
10 mg tablets are available for adults 15 years of age and older.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Patients should be advised never to use oral montelukast to treat acute asthma attacks and to keep their usual appropriate rescue medication for this purpose readily available. If an acute attack occurs, a short-acting inhaled β-agonist should be used. Patients should seek their doctor's advice as soon as possible if they need more inhalations of short-acting β-agonists than usual.
Montelukast should not be abruptly substituted for inhaled or oral corticosteroids.
There are no data demonstrating that oral corticosteroids can be reduced when montelukast is given concomitantly.
In rare cases, patients on therapy with anti-asthma agents including montelukast may present with systemic eosinophilia, sometimes presenting with clinical features of vasculitis consistent with Churg-Strauss syndrome, a condition which is often treated with systemic corticosteroid therapy. These cases usually, but not always, have been associated with the reduction or withdrawal of oral corticosteroid therapy. The possibility that leukotriene receptor antagonists may be associated with emergence of Churg-Strauss syndrome can neither be excluded nor established. Physicians should be alert to eosinophilia, vasculitic rash, worsening pulmonary symptoms, cardiac complications, and/or neuropathy presenting in their patients. Patients who develop these symptoms should be reassessed and their treatment regimens evaluated.
SINGULAIR contains aspartame, a source of phenylalanine. Patients with phenylketonuria should take into account that each 5 mg chewable tablet contains phenylalanine in an amount equivalent to 0.842 mg phenylalanine per dose.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Montelukast may be administered with other therapies routinely used in the prophylaxis and chronic treatment of asthma. In drug-interactions studies, the recommended clinical dose of montelukast did not have clinically important effects on the pharmacokinetics of the following medicinal products: theophylline, prednisone, prednisolone, oral contraceptives (ethinyl oestradiol/norethindrone 35/1), terfenadine, digoxin and warfarin.
The area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) for montelukast was decreased approximately 40% in subjects with co-administration of phenobarbital. Since montelukast is metabolised by CYP 3A4, caution should be exercised, particularly in children, when montelukast is co-administered with inducers of CYP 3A4, such as phenytoin, phenobarbital and rifampicin.
In vitro studies have shown that montelukast is a potent inhibitor of CYP 2C8. However, data from a clinical drug-drug interaction study involving montelukast and rosiglitazone (a probe substrate representative of medicinal products primarily metabolised by CYP 2C8) demonstrated that montelukast does not inhibit CYP 2C8 in vivo. Therefore, montelukast is not anticipated to markedly alter the metabolism of medicinal products metabolised by this enzyme (eg., paclitaxel, rosiglitazone, and repaglinide).
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Use during pregnancy
Animal studies do not indicate harmful effects with respect to effects on pregnancy or embryonal/foetal development.
Limited data from available pregnancy databases do not suggest a causal relationship between SINGULAIR and malformations (i.e. limb defects) that have been rarely reported in worldwide post marketing experience.
SINGULAIR may be used during pregnancy only if it is considered to be clearly essential.
Use during lactation
Studies in rats have shown that montelukast is excreted in milk (see section 5.3). It is not known if montelukast is excreted in human milk.
SINGULAIR may be used in breast-feeding mothers only if it is considered to be clearly essential.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Montelukast is not expected to affect a patient's ability to drive a car or operate machinery. However, in very rare cases, individuals have reported drowsiness or dizziness.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Montelukast has been evaluated in clinical studies as follows:
• 10 mg film-coated tablets in approximately 4,000 adult patients 15 years of age and older, and
• 5 mg chewable tablets in approximately 1,750 paediatric patients 6 to 14 years of age.
The following drug-related adverse reactions in clinical studies were reported commonly (
Body System Class
|
Adult Patients 15 years and older
(two 12-week studies; n=795)
|
Paediatric Patients 6 to 14 years old
(one 8-week study; n=201)
(two 56-week studies; n=615)
|
Nervous system disorders
|
headache
|
headache
|
Gastro-intestinal disorders
|
abdominal pain
|
|
With prolonged treatment in clinical trials with a limited number of patients for up to 2 years for adults, and up to 12 months for paediatric patients 6 to 14 years of age, the safety profile did not change.
Post-marketing Experience
Adverse reactions reported in post-marketing use are listed, by System Organ Class and specific Adverse Experience Term, in the table below. Frequency Categories were estimated based on relevant clinical trials.
System Organ Class
|
Adverse Experience Term
|
Frequency Category*
|
Infections and infestations
|
upper respiratory infection†
|
Very Common
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
|
increased bleeding tendency
|
Rare
|
Immune system disorder
|
hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis
|
Uncommon
|
hepatic eosinophilic infiltration
|
Very Rare
|
|
Psychiatric disorders
|
dream abnormalities including nightmares, insomnia, somnambulism, irritability, anxiety, restlessness, agitation including aggressive behaviour or hostility, depression
|
Uncommon
|
tremor
|
Rare
|
|
hallucinations, suicidal thinking and behaviour (suicidality)
|
Very Rare
|
|
Nervous system disorder
|
dizziness, drowsiness paraesthesia/hypoesthesia, seizure
|
Uncommon
|
Cardiac disorders
|
palpitations
|
Rare
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
|
epistaxis
|
Uncommon
|
Churg-Strauss Syndrome (CSS) (see section 4.4)
|
Very Rare
|
|
Gastrointestinal disorders
|
diarrhoea‡, nausea‡, vomiting‡
|
Common
|
dry mouth, dyspepsia
|
Uncommon
|
|
Hepatobiliary disorders
|
elevated levels of serum transaminases (ALT, AST)
|
Common
|
hepatitis (including cholestatic, hepatocellular, and mixed-pattern liver injury).
|
Very Rare
|
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
|
rash‡
|
Common
|
bruising, urticaria, pruritus
|
Uncommon
|
|
angiooedema
|
Rare
|
|
erythema nodosum
|
Very Rare
|
|
Musculoskeletal, connective tissue and bone disorders
|
arthralgia, myalgia including muscle cramps
|
Uncommon
|
General disorders and administration site conditions
|
pyrexia‡
|
Common
|
asthenia/fatigue, malaise, oedema,
|
Uncommon
|
|
*Frequency Category: Defined for each Adverse Experience Term by the incidence reported in the clinical trials data base: Very Common (
† This adverse experience, reported as Very Common in the patients who received montelukast, was also reported as Very Common in the patients who received placebo in clinical trials.
‡ This adverse experience, reported as Common in the patients who received montelukast, was also reported as Common in the patients who received placebo in clinical trials.
|
|
|
4.9 Overdose
No specific information is available on the treatment of overdose with montelukast. In chronic asthma studies, montelukast has been administered at doses up to 200 mg/day to patients for 22 weeks and in short-term studies, up to 900 mg/day to patients for approximately one week without clinically important adverse experiences.
There have been reports of acute overdose in post-marketing experience and clinical studies with montelukast. These include reports in adults and children with a dose as high as 1000 mg (approximately 61 mg/kg in a 42 month old child). The clinical and laboratory findings observed were consistent with the safety profile in adults and paediatric patients. There were no adverse experiences in the majority of overdose reports. The most frequently occurring adverse experiences were consistent with the safety profile of montelukast and included abdominal pain, somnolence, thirst, headache, vomiting, and psychomotor hyperactivity.
It is not known whether montelukast is dialysable by peritoneal- or haemo-dialysis.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Leukotriene receptor antagonist
ATC Code: RO3D CO3
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) are potent inflammatory eicosanoids released from various cells including mast cells and eosinophils. These important pro-asthmatic mediators bind to cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLT) found in the human airway and cause airway actions, including bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion, vascular permeability, and eosinophil recruitment.
Montelukast is an orally active compound which binds with high affinity and selectivity to the CysLT1 receptor. In clinical studies, montelukast inhibits bronchoconstriction due to inhaled LTD4 at doses as low as 5 mg. Bronchodilation was observed within two hours of oral administration. The bronchodilation effect caused by a β-agonist was additive to that caused by montelukast. Treatment with montelukast inhibited both early- and late-phase bronchoconstriction due to antigen challenge. Montelukast, compared with placebo, decreased peripheral blood eosinophils in adult and paediatric patients. In a separate study, treatment with montelukast significantly decreased eosinophils in the airways (as measured in sputum) and in peripheral blood while improving clinical asthma control.
In studies in adults, montelukast 10 mg once daily, compared with placebo, demonstrated significant improvements in morning FEV1 (10.4% vs 2.7% change from baseline), AM peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (24.5 L/min vs 3.3 L/min change from baseline), and significant decrease in total β-agonist use (-26.1% vs -4.6% change from baseline). Improvement in patient-reported daytime and night-time asthma symptoms scores was significantly better than placebo.
Studies in adults demonstrated the ability of montelukast to add to the clinical effect of inhaled corticosteroid (% change from baseline for inhaled beclometasone plus montelukast vs beclometasone, respectively for FEV1 : 5.43% vs 1.04%; β-agonist use: -8.70% vs 2.64%). Compared with inhaled beclometasone (200 μg twice daily with a spacer device), montelukast demonstrated a more rapid initial response, although over the 12-week study, beclometasone provided a greater average treatment effect (% change from baseline for montelukast vs beclometasone, respectively for FEV1 : 7.49% vs 13.3%; β-agonist use: -28.28% vs -43.89%). However, compared with beclometasone, a high percentage of patients treated with montelukast achieved similar clinical responses (e.g. 50% of patients treated with beclometasone achieved an improvement in FEV1 of approximately 11% or more over baseline while approximately 42% of patients treated with montelukast achieved the same response).
In an 8-week study in paediatric patients 6 to 14 years of age, montelukast 5 mg once daily, compared with placebo, significantly improved respiratory function (FEV1 8.71% vs 4.16% change from baseline; AM PEFR 27.9 L/min vs 17.8 L/min change from baseline) and decreased 'as-needed' β-agonist use (-11.7% vs +8.2% change from baseline).
In a 12-month study comparing the efficacy of montelukast to inhaled fluticasone on asthma control in paediatric patients 6 to 14 years of age with mild persistent asthma, montelukast was non-inferior to fluticasone in increasing the percentage of asthma rescue-free days (RFDs), the primary endpoint. Averaged over the 12-month treatment period, the percentage of asthma RFDs increased from 61.6 to 84.0 in the montelukast group and from 60.9 to 86.7 in the fluticasone group. The between group difference in LS mean increase in the percentage of asthma RFDs was statistically significant (-2.8 with a 95% CI of -4.7, -0.9), but within the limit pre-defined to be clinically not inferior. Both montelukast and fluticasone also improved asthma control on secondary variables assessed over the 12 month treatment period:
• FEV1 increased from 1.83 L to 2.09 L in the montelukast group and from 1.85 L to 2.14 L in the fluticasone group. The between-group difference in LS mean increase in FEV1 was -0.02 L with a 95% CI of -0.06, 0.02. The mean increase from baseline in % predicted FEV1 was 0.6% in the montelukast treatment group, and 2.7% in the fluticasone treatment group. The difference in LS means for the change from baseline in the % predicted FEV1 was -2.2% with a 95% CI of -3.6, -0.7.
• The percentage of days with β-agonist use decreased from 38.0 to 15.4 in the montelukast group, and from 38.5 to 12.8 in the fluticasone group. The between group difference in LS means for the percentage of days with β-agonist use was 2.7 with a 95% CI of 0.9, 4.5.
• The percentage of patients with an asthma attack (an asthma attack being defined as a period of worsening asthma that required treatment with oral steroids, an unscheduled visit to the doctor's office, an emergency room visit, or hospitalisation) was 32.2 in the montelukast group and 25.6 in the fluticasone group; the odds ratio (95% CI) being significant: equal to 1.38 (1.04, 1.84).
• The percentage of patients with systemic (mainly oral) corticosteroid use during the study period was 17.8% in the montelukast group and 10.5% in the fluticasone group. The between group difference in LS means was significant: 7.3% with a 95% CI of 2.9; 11.7.
Significant reduction of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) was demonstrated in a 12-week study in adults (maximal fall in FEV1 22.33% for montelukast vs 32.40% for placebo; time to recovery to within 5% of baseline FEV1 44.22 min vs 60.64 min). This effect was consistent throughout the 12-week study period. Reduction in EIB was also demonstrated in a short term study in paediatric patients (maximal fall in FEV1 18.27% vs 26.11%; time to recovery to within 5% of baseline FEV1 17.76 min vs 27.98 min). The effect in both studies was demonstrated at the end of the once-daily dosing interval.
In aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients receiving concomitant inhaled and/or oral corticosteroids, treatment with montelukast, compared with placebo, resulted in significant improvement in asthma control (FEV1 8.55% vs -1.74% change from baseline and decrease in total β-agonist use -27.78% vs 2.09% change from baseline).
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption: Montelukast is rapidly absorbed following oral administration. For the 10 mg film-coated tablet, the mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) is achieved three hours (Tmax) after administration in adults in the fasted state. The mean oral bioavailability is 64%. The oral bioavailability and Cmax are not influenced by a standard meal. Safety and efficacy were demonstrated in clinical trials where the 10 mg film-coated tablet was administered without regard to the timing of food ingestion.
For the 5 mg chewable tablet, the Cmax is achieved in two hours after administration in adults in the fasted state. The mean oral bioavailability is 73% and is decreased to 63% by a standard meal.
Distribution: Montelukast is more than 99% bound to plasma proteins. The steady-state volume of distribution of montelukast averages 8-11 litres. Studies in rats with radiolabelled montelukast indicate minimal distribution across the blood-brain barrier. In addition, concentrations of radiolabelled material at 24 hours post-dose were minimal in all other tissues.
Biotransformation: Montelukast is extensively metabolised. In studies with therapeutic doses, plasma concentrations of metabolites of montelukast are undetectable at steady state in adults and children.
In vitro studies using human liver microsomes indicate that cytochromes P450 3A4, 2A6 and 2C9 are involved in the metabolism of montelukast. Based on further in vitro results in human liver microsomes, therapeutic plasma concentrations of montelukast do not inhibit cytochromes P450 3A4, 2C9, 1A2, 2A6, 2C19, or 2D6. The contribution of metabolites to the therapeutic effect of montelukast is minimal.
Elimination: The plasma clearance of montelukast averages 45 ml/min in healthy adults. Following an oral dose of radiolabelled montelukast, 86% of the radioactivity was recovered in 5-day faecal collections and <0.2% was recovered in urine. Coupled with estimates of montelukast oral bioavailability, this indicates that montelukast and its metabolites are excreted almost exclusively via the bile.
Characteristics in patients: No dosage adjustment is necessary for the elderly or mild to moderate hepatic insufficiency. Studies in patients with renal impairment have not been undertaken. Because montelukast and its metabolites are eliminated by the biliary route, no dose adjustment is anticipated to be necessary in patients with renal impairment. There are no data on the pharmacokinetics of montelukast in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh score >9).
With high doses of montelukast (20- and 60-fold the recommended adult dose), a decrease in plasma theophylline concentration was observed. This effect was not seen at the recommended dose of 10 mg once daily.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
In animal toxicity studies, minor serum biochemical alterations in ALT, glucose, phosphorus and triglycerides were observed which were transient in nature. The signs of toxicity in animals were increased excretion of saliva, gastro-intestinal symptoms, loose stools and ion imbalance. These occurred at dosages which provided >17-fold the systemic exposure seen at the clinical dosage. In monkeys, the adverse effects appeared at doses from 150 mg/kg/day (>232-fold the systemic exposure seen at the clinical dose). In animal studies, montelukast did not affect fertility or reproductive performance at systemic exposure exceeding the clinical systemic exposure by greater than 24-fold. A slight decrease in pup body weight was noted in the female fertility study in rats at 200 mg/kg/day (>69-fold the clinical systemic exposure). In studies in rabbits, a higher incidence of incomplete ossification, compared with concurrent control animals, was seen at systemic exposure >24-fold the clinical systemic exposure seen at the clinical dose. No abnormalities were seen in rats. Montelukast has been shown to cross the placental barrier and is excreted in breast milk of animals.
No deaths occurred following a single oral administration of montelukast sodium at doses up to 5000 mg/kg in mice and rats (15,000 mg/m2 and 30,000 mg/m2 in mice and rats, respectively) the maximum dose tested. This dose is equivalent to 25,000 times the recommended daily adult human dose (based on an adult patient weight of 50 kg).
Montelukast was determined not to be phototoxic in mice for UVA, UVB or visible light spectra at doses up to 500 mg/kg/day (approximately >200-fold based on systemic exposure).
Montelukast was neither mutagenic in in vitro and in vivo tests nor tumorigenic in rodent species.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Mannitol
Microcrystalline cellulose
Hyprolose (E463)
Red ferric oxide (E172)
Croscarmellose sodium
Cherry flavour
Aspartame (E951)
Magnesium stearate.
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable
6.3 Shelf Life
2 years
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Store in the original package in order to protect from light and moisture.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Packaged in polyamide/PVC/aluminium blister package in:
Blisters in packages of: 7, 10, 14, 20, 28, 30, 50, 56, 84, 90, 98, 100, 140 and 200 tablets.
Blisters (unit doses), in packages of: 49, 50 and 56 tablets.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited
Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, UK
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 00025/0357
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
15 January 1998/25 August 2007
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
August 2011
LEGAL CATEGORY
POM
© Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited 2011. All rights reserved.
SPC.SGA-5mg.10.UK.3362.II-060-WS-003
